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In order to develop the method different types of concrete specimens were tested using Standard SOFO sensor, Concrete Setting SOFO Sensor and for a purpose developed slim sensor     In order to develop the method different types of concrete specimens were tested using Standard SOFO sensor, Concrete Setting SOFO Sensor and for a purpose developed slim sensor. The specimens were mostly cylindrically and rectangularly shaped with various border conditions in terms of strain, temperature insulation and humidity insulation. In order to keep the cost limited specially designed re-usable moulds were developed.   Aim of monitoring: The overall objective of this project was to develop a methodology for predicting mechanical properties and for separating important phenomenon in hardening materials, such as commercial concrete and mortar, to be ultimately applied in real time and in situ.     INSTALLATION PERIOD TYPE OF SENSORS NUMBER OF SENSORS 2002 – 2005 SOFO 80   Main results: Results confirm the hypothesis that relative hardening curves obtained using early age measurement of standard and setting SOFO sensors are related with properties of concrete such as activation energy, rate of reaction and equivalent age. The work performed in this project demonstrates that compressive strength evolution can be predicted and that a decomposition of the total deformation into the effects of physical phenomena is possible in real-time and in-situ. More specifically, during this work the following results have been achieved: • Compressive strength evolution have been successfully predicted for seven very different types of concretes after only three days of measurements • Strength-maturity curves obtained can be reused for the same mix to determine, by instance, save removal times for shores and moulds, cable release in prestressed units (see Figures 1 and 3) • A prototype of testing equipment have been developed. It allows to reuse sensors, reducing laboratory expenses • Autogenous deformation, thermal expansion coefficient and drying deformation have been calculated for six types of concrete mixes and one type of mortar • A new, low axial stiffness sensor has been developed • Software for the treatment and interpretation of data has been implemented   Related Papers:   Monitoring and modelling of construction materials during hardening, Marco Viviani, EPFL – (Doctoral Thesis No. 3168) – 2005 Three day prediction of concrete compressive strength evolution, Viviani, M., Glisic, B., Smith, I. F.C., ACI Materials J., July 2005 – (pp. 231-236) – 2005 Fibre optic sensors and behaviour in concrete at early age, B. Glisic, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland – (Ph.D. Thesis No. 2186) – 2000 Monitoring of concrete at very early age using stiff SOFO® sensor, B. Glisic, N. Simon, Cement and Concrete Composite, Elsevier – (Vol 22, No 2, p 115-119) – 2000 Separation of thermal and autogenous deformation at varying temperatures using optical fiber sensors, M. Viviani, B. Glisic, I.F.C. Smith, Cement & Concrete Composites, Elsevier – (Vol. 29, pp 435-447) – 2007 Equivalency points: Predicting concrete compressive strength evolution in three days, M. Viviani, B. Glisic, K.L. Scrivener, I.F.C. Smith , Cement and Concrete Research – (No. 38, pp.1070-1078) – 2008 Use of Strength - Maturity curves in structures A prototype of the reusable sensor mould with a slim sensor The strength-maturity prediction obtained using Concrete Setting and Standard SOFO sensors Evolution of Thermal expansion coefficient obtained using Concrete Setting and Standard SOFO sensors

SOFO sensors were installed on all elements (tubes and ropes) to monitor their deformations when the structures was pre-stressed and under load applied at different locations Tensegrity structures are based on a network of element working in pure compression or traction. In this experiment, star-shaped tensegrity modules composed of steel tubes and ropes were tested under different types of loading and pre-stressing.   Aim of monitoring:   SOFO sensors were installed on all elements (tubes and ropes) to monitor their deformations when the structures was pre-stressed and under load applied at different locations.  INSTALLATION PERIOD TYPE OF SENSORS NUMBER OF SENSORS 1998 SOFO 66 Tennsegrity model instrumented with SOFO sensors Tensegrity structure for testing   Main results: The Measurements resulted in a better understanding of the complicated behavior of these structures. It was found that by low pre-stressing values, the response of the structure is highly non-linear, while for higher pre-stresses it behaves more and more linearly  

The ZEM project addresses the development of a monitoring system to verify the integrity of composite high pressure tanks for natural gas or hydrogen   An all-composite CNG tank consists of one liner wrapped in hoop and longitudinal direction with structural carbon filaments. In order to allow labeling and to offer better protection of the external surface, a protecting layer with glass fiber reinforcing is added. In this particular project, thermoset matrix was used. The use of an all-composite tank reduces the weight of tanks from 400 kg (stell tanks) to 40 kg, but also requires regular inspection. Aim of monitoring: The ZEM project addresses the development of a monitoring system to verify the integrity of composite high pressure tanks for natural gas or hydrogen. Stationary and mobile applications are considered and a demonstrator related to vehicle propulsion will be developed. Currently proposed inspection techniques of composite vessels involve off-vehicle visual inspection and pressure testing which is labour intensive and requires expensive equipment. The proposed approach, based on fibre optic sensors, facilitates simple but detailed evaluation of the structural integrity, monitored on-line during tank refuelling. The aims are to eliminate the requirement for periodical inspection through different levels of monitoring on-board, at the refilling station and at the garage.The project focuses in particular fibre optic sensors and their embedding in the material, composite tank manufacturing, signature recognition algorithms and interrogation methods.The sensors are embedded between the last carbon layer and protection layer, and the SOFO system was used.   INSTALLATION PERIOD TYPE OF SENSORS 2001 – 2004 SOFO Main results: Cucurrent status: Sensor based on SOFO technology, embeddable in composite material succesfully develloped, applied and tested. Sensor topologies for damage detection succesfully developed and tested. Algorithms for damage assessment successfully develloped and tested. Composite tank Conceptual desing of the monitoirng system Composite tanks with embedded SOFO sensors Damage detection using embedded SOFO sensors

Roctest has regularly contributed to the state-of-the-art in laboratory and in-situ testing equipment for soil and rock. Among others, we gained unique expertise with pressuremeters by developing, manufacturing, and marketing this type of equipment for over 40 years. Roctest significantly contributed to the introduction of this type of test in North America.   Image Test Equipment Roctest offers a wide range of pressuremeters, rock dilatometers, and other testing equipment for soil and rock. We can assist you in identifying the best equipment for your project. Additionally, we offer training to use the equipment for optimum test results.   Benefits Of Pressuremeters And Rock Dilatometer Tests The pressuremeter and rock dilatometer tests consist of placing a cylindrical probe in the ground and expanding it to pressurize the ground. The aim of this in-situ test is to obtain information on the stiffness and on the strength of the ground by measuring the relationship between the radial pressure applied to the ground and the resulting deformation. This test offers many advantages. Contrary to penetration tests, it can be performed in most types of soils and rocks. This test produces an in-situ stress/strain curve, from which many important soil parameters can be calculated. The loading sequence can be adapted according to the application (long or rapid loading, cyclic loading). The pressuremeter is especially well adapted for the design of laterally loaded piles due to the close analogy between the pressuremeter tests and a laterally-loaded pile. The validity of the test can be controlled by looking at the shape of the curve. Overall, it must be kept in mind that the pressuremeter test requires well-trained operators. When properly conducted, this test will yield valuable information making it a useful tool for various applications, especially:   Where undisturbed samples cannot be obtained; Where other conventional in situ tests cannot be performed (e.g. in hard soils and rock); On large projects where it is justified to obtain more and better information on the soil properties.     REFERENCES Peace River Site C Dam Project, British Columbia, Canada, 1976 (G-Am) Majun Elghidir Dam, Tunisia, 1991 (PROBEX) Ironton-Russel Bridge, Ohio, 2005, (PROBEX) Buffalo Gap Wind Farm, Texas, 2007 (TEXAM) Pavement Subsurface Investigation, Key Largo, Florida, 2009 (PENCEL) Wastewater Treatment Plant, Atotonilco de Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico, 2010 (TRIMODS) Train Tunnel, Javorniky Mountains, Slovakia, 2012 (PROBEX) Chamborigaud Tunnel, France, 2012 (PROBEX) Stokton Mine, New Zealand, 2012 (PROBEX) Substation, Cape Girardeau, Missouri, 2012 (TEXAM) Duchesnay Power Line, Québec, Canada, 2013 (G-Am) 3rd Bosphorous Bridge Foundations – Istanbul, Turkey 2013 (PROBEX) Panama canal, Panama, 2004-2014 (G-Am, PROBEX, M-1000) Akkuyu Nuclear Plant Geological Investigation – Mersin, Turkey 2012-2014 (PROBEX) Transmission Tower Replacement, DeKalb, Illinois, 2014 (TEXAM) Eglington Crosstown Rapid Transit System, Toronto, Ontario,Canada, 2015 (TEXAM) TEST EQUIPMENT PUBLICATIONS Horizontal Load on Piles: Evaluation of the S.A.L.L.O.P. Method Briaud J. L., Mirdamadi A.. and Asadollahi M., 7th International Symposium on Pressuremeters, Hamammet, Tunisia, 2015. Values of Pressuremeter Modulus and Limit Pressure Inferred from Stress or Strain Controlled PMT Testing Marcil L., Sedran G. and Failmezger R. A., 7th International Symposium on Pressuremeters, Hamammet, Tunisia, 2015. Menard Lecture – The pressuremeter test: Expanding its use Briaud J.-L., Proceedings of 18th International Congress on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnicl Engineering, Paris, 2013. The PROBEX: Over 25 Years of Experience in Measuring Deformability of Rock Marcil L., Green R. and Baures T.,6th International Symposium on Pressuremeters, Paris, 2013. PENCEL Pressuremeter Test Evaluation for Developping P-Y Curves for Driven Piles Messaoud F., Nouaouria N. S. R. and Cosentino P. J., International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol. 1 No. 6, 20-24, 2009. Use of rock Pressuremeter for Deep Foundation Design Failmezger R. A., Zdinak A. L., Darden J. N. and Fahs R., 5th International Symposium on Pressuremeters, Paris, 2005. Contributions of Canadian Experiments to the Development of Pressuremeter Techniques, Capelle J.-F., Marcil L., Quirion M., Hughes J., 5th International Symposium on Pressuremeters, Paris, 2005 Measurement of Insitu Deformability in Hard Rock Labrie D., Conlon B., Anderson T. and Boyle R.F., Proceedings of 57th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, 9-16, 2004 Comparison of Modulus Values Obtained from Dilatometer Testing with Downhole Seismic Surveys and Unconfined Compressive Tests at McKays Point Dam Site Kaneshiro J. Y., Harding R.C., Johannesson P. and Korbin G.E, 28th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics, 211-221, 1987.

Abstract: Matric suction in the laboratory testing of an unsaturated specimen is usually controlled by the axis-translation technique or the osmotic technique. To investigate possible differences in the axis-translation and osmotic techniques in shear testing of unsaturated soils, three series of unsaturated triaxial shear tests were conducted on a compacted expansive clay with an initial degree of saturation of 82%. Two of these series were performed using the axis-translation and osmotic techniques at HKUST. Another series was performed using the osmotic technique at ENPC. In the series using the axis-translation technique, the single-stage testing procedure was compared with the multi-stage testing procedure and these two testing methods were found to provide consistent shear strength information. The consistency of the results from the osmotic technique at HKUST and ENPC demonstrated the reliability of the osmotic technique. Based on the extended Mohr-Coulomb shear strength formulation, comparison of the results using the axis-translation technique and the osmotic technique showed that there was no difference in determining the internal friction angle ø'. However the values of ø° in the test series using the axis-translation technique were slightly larger than those in the test series using the osmotic technique by 3º - 4º. Full Context: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4hiGhsfDllxMG55NjZkdHQ4Tms/view

ABSTRACT:   Direct measurement of a permeability function, k(þ ) (where þ is suction), of an unsaturated soil is often tedious and time-consuming. Thus, researchers have proposed various semi-empirical predictive methods to determine k(þ ) indirectly from a soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) or a particle size distribution. Also, stress effects on k(þ ) are generally not considered. To explore any stress effect on k(þ), a new 1m high stresscontrollable soil column is developed to measure stress-dependent SWCC (SDSWCC) and k(þ ) of soils directly. The objectives of this paper are to investigate the effects of (1) two stress-state variables (matric suction and net normal stress) and (2) a drying-wetting cycle on both SDSWCC and k(þ ) of a compacted decomposed silty clay. Each compacted soil column is subjected to an evaporation-ponding cycle under various vertical net normal stresses. The variations of pore-water pressure and volumetric water content (VWC, þw) profile with time are measured instantaneously. The k(þ) is hence determined using the Instantaneous Profile Method. At a given average vertical net normal stress, the measured k(þ ) exhibits a remarkable hysteresis loop while the k(þw) seems to be less hysteretic. The effects of the vertical net normal stress appear to be more pronounced than that of the drying-wetting cycle on k(þw). As average vertical net normal stress is increased from 4 to 78kPa, the measured permeability decreases by up to two orders of magnitude at a given VWC. Full Context: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4hiGhsfDllxS29ZTW95OHZvZzQ/view